Umlando ezingavamile emhlabeni ozibuthe unomphela motors

Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile (ezingavamile emhlabeni ozibuthe unomphela) yizici zensimbi eziyi-17 phakathi kwetafula lezikhathi (izinombolo ze-athomu 21, 39, kanye no-57-71) ezinezici ezingavamile ze-fluorescent, conductive, nezikazibuthe ezizenza zingahambelani nezinsimbi ezivame kakhulu njenge-Iron) ziwusizo kakhulu uma i-alloyed noma ixutshwe ngamanani amancane. Uma sikhuluma ngokwendawo, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile azivamile. Amadiphozithi alezi zinsimbi atholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, futhi ezinye izakhi zikhona cishe ngenani elifanayo nethusi noma ithini. Kodwa-ke, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile azikaze zitholakale ekugxilweni okuphezulu kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile zixutshwa zodwa noma nezakhi ezikhipha imisebe njenge-uranium. Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali zezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zenza kube nzima ukuhlukana nezinto ezizungezile, futhi lezi zakhiwo nazo zenza Kunzima ukuzihlanza. Izindlela zamanje zokukhiqiza zidinga inani elikhulu lensimbi futhi zikhiqize imfucuza eyingozi enkulu ukuze kukhishwe amanani amancane kuphela ezinsimbi zomhlaba ezingavamile, kanye nemfucuza evela ezindleleni zokucubungula okuhlanganisa amanzi akhipha imisebe, i-fluorine enobuthi nama-asidi.

Ozibuthe bokuqala baphakade abatholwa kwakungamaminerali anikeza inkambu kazibuthe ezinzile. Kuze kube ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ozibuthe babentekenteke, bengazinzi, futhi benziwe ngensimbi ye-carbon. Ngo-1917, iJapane yathola insimbi ye-cobalt magnet, eyenza intuthuko. Ukusebenza komazibuthe unomphela kuye kwaqhubeka nokuba ngcono kusukela ekutholakaleni kwabo. Ku-Alnicos (Al/Ni/Co alloys) ngawo-1930s, lokhu kuguquka kwabonakaliswa ngenani eliphezulu lomkhiqizo wamandla owandisiwe (BH) max, owathuthukisa kakhulu isici sekhwalithi kamazibuthe ahlala njalo, kanye nevolumu enikeziwe yamazibuthe, ukuminyana okukhulu kwamandla kungaguqulelwa emandleni angasetshenziswa emishinini esebenzisa omazibuthe.

Umazibuthe wokuqala we-ferrite watholakala ngengozi ngo-1950 elabhorethri ye-physics ye-Philips Industrial Research e-Netherlands. Umsizi wayihlanganisa ngephutha - bekufanele alungise elinye isampula ukuze alifunde njengempahla ye-semiconductor. Kwatholakala ukuthi empeleni yayizibuthe, ngakho yadluliselwa eqenjini lokucwaninga kazibuthe. Ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okuhle njengozibuthe kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi. Ngakho-ke, kwakungumkhiqizo othuthukisiwe we-Philips owaphawula ukuqala kokukhula okusheshayo kokusetshenziswa kwamagnetic unomphela.

Ngawo-1960, omazibuthe bokuqala abangavamile bomhlaba(ezingavamile emhlabeni ozibuthe unomphela)zenziwe ngama-alloys we-lanthanide element, i-yttrium. Bangomazibuthe abaqine kakhulu abanomphela abane-high saturation magnetization kanye nokumelana okuhle ne-demagnetization. Nakuba zibiza, zintekenteke futhi zingasebenzi kahle emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, seziqala ukubusa imakethe njengoba izicelo zazo ziba zibalulekile. Ubunikazi bamakhompuyutha omuntu siqu banda ngeminyaka yawo-1980, okwakusho isidingo esikhulu somazibuthe baphakade bama-hard drive.

Ama-alloys afana ne-samarium-cobalt athuthukiswa maphakathi nawo-1960 ngesizukulwane sokuqala sezinsimbi eziguqukayo nomhlaba ongajwayelekile, kwathi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, intengo ye-cobalt yakhuphuka kakhulu ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezinto eCongo. Ngaleso sikhathi, omazibuthe abangapheli be-samarium-cobalt (BH) max babephakeme kakhulu futhi umphakathi wocwaningo kwadingeka umisele la bomabuthe. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ku-1984, ukuthuthukiswa kwamagnetic unomphela okusekelwe ku-Nd-Fe-B kwahlongozwa okokuqala nguSagawa et al. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-powder metallurgy kwa-Sumitomo Special Metals, kusetshenziswa inqubo yokuphotha encibilikayo evela kwaGeneral Motors. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni esingezansi, (BH) ubuningi buthuthuke esikhathini esicishe sibe yikhulu, kusukela ku-≈1 MGOe yensimbi futhi yafinyelela cishe ku-56 MGOe wezibuthe be-NdFeB kule minyaka engu-20 edlule.

Ukuzinza ezinqubweni zezimboni sekuyinto ehamba phambili muva nje, futhi izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, eziye zaqashelwa amazwe njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ngenxa yobungozi bazo obuphezulu bokunikezwa nokubaluleka kwezomnotho, zivule izindawo zokucwaninga ngozibuthe abasha abangandile abangenawo umhlaba. Isiqondiso esisodwa esingase sibe khona socwaningo ukubuka emuva kozibuthe bakudala abathuthukisiwe, omazibuthe be-ferrite, futhi ubafunde ngokuqhubekayo usebenzisa wonke amathuluzi amasha nezindlela ezitholakala emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Izinhlangano eziningi manje zisebenzela amaphrojekthi amasha ocwaningo anethemba lokushintsha izibuthe zasemhlabeni ngezinye izindlela eziluhlaza, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu.